Appeal to Authority: Person A is (claimed to be) an authority on subject S. Person A makes claim C about subject S. Therefore C is true. ex.) I speak English, therefore I am an expert on the English Language. Appeal to Belief: Most people believe that a claim, X, is true. Therefore X is true. ex.)Because the chain message states that one must send it to their friends or else something will happen to them, the person feels inclined to send the chain message for they do not want bad things to happen to them; after all, the person that sent it to them if safe from harm, so if they send the message, they too should be safe from harm. Appeal to Common Practice: X is a common action. Therefore X is correct/ moral/ justified/ reasonable. ex.) Everyone speeds at rush hour, therefore it is okay to speed because everyone does it at that time. Poisoning the Well: Unfavorable information (be it true or false) about a person A is presented. Therefore any claims person A makes will be false. ex.) As of now, multiple women have spoken up about an occurrence several years ago where Bill Cosby offered to drive them home, went somewhere else, offered them a drug of some sort, and took advantage of them. Because of multiple allegations stating similar scenarios and Cosby's unwillingness to comment on the accusations against him, most are hesitant to believe what Cosby has to say on the matter. |
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January 2015
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